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lanacearum strains have been isolated from virgin jungle soils in both Asia and D4476 the Americas, the origin of the species complex is believed to predate the geological separation of the continents, Based on analyses of the 16S 23S internal transcribed spacer region, egl and hrpB genes and on compara tive genomic hybridization, the R. solanacearum species complex is hierarchically Purmorphamine classified in four phylo genetic groups called phylotypes, which reflect their ori gins as follows. Asia, the Americas, Africa D4476 or Indonesia, Each phylotype can be further subdivided into sequevars, or sequence variants, which may contain isolates with simi lar virulence patterns or common geographic origin, Despite their considerable phylogenetic diversity, R. solanacearum strains are unified by their common pathology.
All cause bacterial wilt disease, which is char acterized by bacterial colonization of the plant xylem ves sels to very high cell densities, vascular browning, stunting, wilting, and often rapid death, The bacterium is transmitted by soil, sur face water, and infected propagation materials Posttranslational modification like potato tubers or ornamental cuttings. It most commonly infects plants through the roots, but some strains are insect transmitted, Bacterial wilt is difficult to control because the bacterium survives for years in infested soils and weed hosts. Breeding for host resistance, the best management strategy is complicated by the pathogens high genetic diversity. For example, tomatoes resistant to R. solanacearum strains in one region are often suscepti ble to those in another, Genome sequences of R.
solanacearum strains can answer historic questions about what traits allow this bacterium to be such an aggressive and lethal pathogen of so many different plants, and to survive in such Purmorphamine different habitats as soil, water, non host plant rhizospheres and host xylem vessels. The bi partite genome of R. solan acearum strain GMI1000 was sequenced and analyzed, The genome has two replicons, called the chromosome and the megaplasmid, with a mosaic structure that implies many rearrange ments and horizontal gene transfers. Several factors have been shown to contribute to bacterial wilt virulence, especially the type III secretion system and asso ciated effectors, and production of D4476 extracellular poly saccharides and enzymes, The GMI1000 genome encodes more than a hundred TTSS effectors or putative effectors, Draft genomes are available for two addi tional R.
solanacearum strains. IPO1609 UW551, which cause potato brown rot disease Purmorphamine in cool temperate cli mates and Molk2, which causes Moko disease of banana and plantain, These respectively belong to phylo type IIB sequevar 1 and sequevar 3, To better understand how this highly diverse and scat tered species complex has evolved and diverged without losing its fundamental pathological qualities, we sequenced the genomes of three additional broad host range strains from other phylotypes, namely. American strain CFBP2957, African strain CMR15 and Indonesian strain PSI07, All were originally isolated from tomato.
Their complete genomes were manually annotated and analyzed with the aim of investi gating the conserved, variable, and specific gene reper toires of these strains and the three previously sequenced ones, with a special emphasis on genes involved in viru lence and pathogenicity. D4476 In addition, the genomes of 51 R. solanacearum strains were compared by CGH on a pan genomic microarray. These comparative genomic approaches pro duced new insights into the Purmorphamine evolution and taxonomy of the R. solanacearum species complex. Results and Discussion It has long been known that R. solanacearum is a highly heterogeneous group of strains and thus no one genome sequence could represent the entire species complex. Ini tial genomic studies revealed that R. solanacearum strains have a substantial backbone of common house keeping and virulence functions, but also carry a diver gent set of genomic modules that likely confer distinct ecologic